As a final summary of the SINERGIA project’s development, the following conclusions have been drawn:

• There are interactions or synergies between the atmospheric pollutants to which the population in urban areas is exposed to and the occurrence of extreme atmospheric events,  which are not yet well characterized.
• It is expected that the frequency, intensity and duration of certain extreme atmospheric events, whose occurrence can generate a sudden increase in numerous air pollutants’ concentrations in urban areas, will increase in the next years due to climate change. Examples of this are the events of transport of mineral dust from arid and desert areas of North Africa and the biomass combustion events due to forest fires.
• African mineral dust intrusions have been related with a mixing layer reduction over Madrid and with an increase in atmospheric pollutants concentrations (gases and particles) from local anthropogenic sources. Due to this and in spite of being atmospheric phenomena of "natural" origin, when it is expected that an event of this type is expected to occur, measures should be taken to reduce the emissions of atmospheric pollutants from mentioned local sources.
• Forest fires often occur concurrently with African dust intrusions and in high temperature conditions and their health effects are added to those already occurring in urban areas such as Madrid due to exposure by the population to atmospheric pollutants generated by local anthropogenic sources.
• There are adaptation strategies and action protocols established for heat waves, aimed at mitigating adverse effects on the population, which may also be valid to deal with the effects of other events such as the episodes of transporting African dust or of biomass combustion.
• It is necessary to evaluate the positive impact on the population’s health that this type of protocols could have in the future during the development of this type of events, taking also into account that special attention should be paid as a group risk not only to the elderly but also to children of school age, to people who are in the process of gestation and to those in charge of young children.